Biblical And Contemporary Problems/Solutions In Sermons Essays

Scriptural And Contemporary Problems/Solutions In Sermons Unit Assignment #1 Lecturing Today Tape 3830 Dr. Louis H. Evans Jr. The most effective method to Handle Anger 1 Sam. 18:1-7 In this message Dr. Evans examines what outrage is and how it can and influences our lives. He first expresses the main drivers of outrage, dissatisfaction, disillusionment, and disdain. He at that point proceeds to depict how outrage whenever left uncertain influences each part of our lives from the physical to the profound and how this resentment, whenever left uncertain, prompts genuine medical issues and otherworldly risk. Dr. Evans talks around a few distinct ways that we handle outrage both helpful and ruinous. He further explain that by dealing with our outrage productively we try to evacuate the boundaries that this indignation puts between us, everyone around us, and God. He finishes up the lesson by giving us that in the event that we will depend on Gods assets we will have the option to accommodate our outrage and have our lives caused more grounded in Him just as to have a reasonable still, small voice before God. Scriptural Problem: Sauls outrage towards David has caused strife. Scriptural Solution: David allows Saul to determine his resentment towards him. Contemporary Problem: Our Christian walk can be set in peril by uncertain annoyance. Contemporary Solution: We should depend upon God to assist us with settling the issues encompassing our outrage and reestablish our connections. Lecturing Today Tape # 4340 Stuart Briscoe Standard Folks Make Great Disciples Mark 8 In this message Briscoe mentions to us what it genuinely intends to be a follower of Christ. Being a follower isn't some higher status for Christians nor does having a denominationally right title make one a genuine pupil of Jesus. A genuine supporter is one who has a developing relationship with the educator. So as to state that we are really trains of Christ we must be happy to hand over our lives altogether to Him and make an effort not to hold any of our personal circumstances. We need to trust entirely in Christ and be mindful so as not to attempt to make Christ fit into a shape that we make for Him. We should deny ourselves totally so as to trail the way that Jesus has spread out for us and we should day by day reaffirm this to Him and ourselves. Scriptural Problem: The supporters of the Scribes and Pharisees are more worried about not violating the laws than having an individual relationship with God. Scriptural Solution: Become a genuine pupil of Jesus. Contemporary Problem: People are more up to speed in right titles than in seeking after a relationship with Jesus Christ. Contemporary Solution: Rather than stress over Correct Titles we as Christians must trail Jesus. Lecturing Today Tape # 4046 James O. Rose A Day In The Life Of Simon The Cyrene Mark 15 In this message Rose gives a first individual introduction of a minor character by the name of Simon the Cyrene who saw the end long periods of Jesus service, His demise on the cross, the tales of His revival, and the endowment of the Holy Spirit given to the followers of Christ. In giving this first individual record Rose, as Simon, continually alludes to the Jewish convictions of the day and the predictions of Isaiah concerning the Messiah. Going about as Simon Rose gives us a distinctive and individual investigate these situations as they develop, from Jesus talking with the individuals to where Simon is directed to convey the light emission for Jesus, we are permitted to take a little part in the sentiments of a Jew during this climatic time. Rose at that point proceeds to recount the excursion from distrust to conviction that this Jesus who was killed is the genuine Messiah, the one talked about by Isaiah and broadcasted by Peter upon the arrival of Pentecost. Rose finishes up t his sensational introduction by having Simon issue the test of tolerating the cross of Jesus, not as a crooked weight forced by a roman trooper, but instead as a blessing from God that prompts salvation. Scriptural Problem: N/A Scriptural Solution: N/A Contemporary Problem: N/A Contemporary Solution: N/A The Finney Sermon Collection Volume 1, pp 3-12 Favored Are The Poor In Spirit Matthew 5:3 Charles G. Finney In the initial segment of this lesson Finney portrays what it intends to really be Poor in soul. He

E-Commerce in East Africa

Chapter by chapter guide Definition and background2 Reasons for development of web based business in East Africa. 4 Influence of web based business on exchanging rehearses East Africa. 5 Types of e-commerce8 Challenges confronting the development of internet business in East Africa. 9 1. Poor infrastructure9 Computer illiteracy9 Lack of appropriate regulation9 Inadequate capital10 Inadequate personnel10 Conclusion10 References11 Definition and backgroundE-trade alludes to business led using PCs, phones, fax machines, scanner tag perusers, charge cards, computerized teller machines (ATM) or other electronic apparatuses (regardless of whether utilizing the web) without the trading of paper-based records. It incorporates exercises, for example, obtainment, request passage, exchange handling, installment, verification and non-denial, stock control, request satisfaction, and client service. At the point when a purchaser pays with a bank card swiped through an attractive stripe-peruser, th e individual in question is taking an interest in web based business. |It basically includes the purchasing and selling of items or administrations over electronic frameworks, for example, the Internet and other PC systems. Electronic business draws on such advancements as electronic subsidizes move, flexibly chain the board, Internet showcasing, online exchange preparing, electronic information trade (EDI), stock administration frameworks, and mechanized information assortment frameworks. Current electronic trade regularly utilizes the World Wide Web at any rate at one point in the exchange's life-cycle, in spite of the fact that it might include a more extensive scope of advancements, for example, email, cell phones and phones as well.Originally, electronic business was recognized as the help of business exchanges electronically, utilizing innovation, for example, Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These were both presented in the late 1970s, pe rmitting organizations to send business reports like buy requests or solicitations electronically. The development and acknowledgment of Visas, computerized teller machines (ATM) and phone banking during the 1980s were likewise types of electronic trade. Another type of online business was the aircraft reservation framework embodied by Saber in the USA and Travicom in the UK.Electronic trade or web based business is a term for a business, or business exchange that includes the exchange of data over the Internet. It covers a scope of various kinds of organizations, from shopper based retail destinations, through sale or music locales, to business trades exchanging merchandise and enterprises between partnerships. It is as of now one of the most significant parts of the Internet to develop. Internet business permits purchasers to electronically trade products and ventures without any obstructions of time or distance.Electronic trade has extended quickly in the course of recent years a nd is anticipated to proceed along these same lines, or even quicken. Soon the limits among â€Å"conventional† and â€Å"electronic† trade will turn out to be progressively obscured as an ever increasing number of organizations move segments of their activities onto the Internet. Business to Business or B2B alludes to electronic trade between organizations as opposed to between a business and a customer. B2B organizations regularly manage hundreds or even a large number of different organizations, either as clients or suppliers.Carrying out these exchanges electronically gives tremendous upper hands over conventional techniques. At the point when executed appropriately, web based business is regularly quicker, less expensive and more helpful than the customary techniques for dealing products and ventures. Electronic exchanges have been around for a long while as Electronic Data Interchange or EDI. EDI requires every provider and client to set up a devoted information interface (between them), where online business gives a financially savvy strategy to organizations to set up different, and specially appointed links.Electronic trade has likewise prompted the advancement of electronic commercial centers where providers and potential clients are united to lead commonly helpful exchange. Much the same as the remainder of the world, East Africa hasn’t been deserted in receiving internet business as a method of working together. Numerous people, enterprises and even governments have made plans to utilizing internet business in fulfilling their business exchanges, though on a littler edge when contrasted with western nations or the more evolved world economies.Countries in east Africa, that is Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania have all been making strides in the ongoing past to guarantee that exchange among them develops as a method of boosting the monetary development of these nations. One of the means has unmistakably been embracing the utilization o f online business. Applicable foundation has been or is being set up to back up this reception. Since web based business in a perfect world is about the web, the greater part of the foundation I am alluding to includes it in way or another.Most strikingly has been the laying of the fiber optic link from the bank of Kenya towards the inland that considers rapid web get to. Purposes behind development of internet business in East Africa. The fast development of web based business since 1995 is because of the one of a kind highlights of the Internet and the Web as a business medium: * Ubiquity: Internet/Web innovation is all over the place, at work, home, and somewhere else, and whenever, giving a universal market space, a commercial center expelled from a transient and geological area. * Global come to: The innovation comes to across national limits. All inclusive norms: There is one lot of Internet innovation principles, which enormously lower showcase section costs (the expenses to put up merchandise for sale to the public) and lessen search costs (the push to discover items) for the shopper. * Richness: Information lavishness alludes to the multifaceted nature and substance of a message. Web innovation takes into account rich video, sound, and instant messages to be conveyed to enormous quantities of individuals. * Interactivity: The innovation works through collaboration with the client. * Information thickness: Information thickness is the aggregate sum and nature of data accessible to all market participants.Internet innovation lessens data expenses and raises nature of data, empowering value straightforwardness (the simplicity for shoppers of finding an assortment of costs) and cost straightforwardness (the capacity of customers to decide the real expenses of items). Data thickness permits traders to take part in value segregation (offering merchandise to focused gatherings at various costs). * Personalization/customization: E-business innovations grant p ersonalization (focusing on close to home messages to buyers) and customization (changing an item or administration dependent on customer inclination or history.Influence of web based business on exchanging rehearses East Africa. As it has just been built up, internet business is being utilized, despite the fact that not all that generally in East Africa. The organizations or associations that have chosen to utilize web based business are profiting by it in the accompanying manners: 1. Abuse of New Business Broadly, electronic trade accentuates the age and misuse of new . business openings and to utilize mainstream phrases: â€Å"generate business value† or â€Å"do more with less† Safaricom, versatile specialist organization has the m-pesa administration that caught such a large number of clients and helped numerous individuals set up new businesses.There is likewise the m-kesho administration which is a joint endeavor among Safaricom and Equity Bank that has empowere d numerous entrepreneurs and people to get to banking administrations. 2. Empowering the Customers Electronic Commerce is empowering the client to have an expanding state in what items are made, how items are made and how administrations are conveyed (development from a moderate request satisfaction process with small comprehension of what is occurring inside the firm, to a quicker and rt1ore open procedure with clients having more prominent control. . Improvement of Business Transaction Electronic Commerce tries to improve the execution of business exchange over different systems. 4. Successful Performance It prompts increasingly viable execution I. e. better quality, more noteworthy consumer loyalty and better corporate dynamic. 5. More prominent Economic Efficiency We may accomplish more noteworthy financial proficiency (lower cost) and progressively fast trade (rapid, quickened, or continuous collaboration) with the assistance of electronic business. 6. Execution of InformationI t empowers the execution of data loaded exchanges between two mineral more gatherings utilizing entomb associated systems. These systems can be a mix of ‘plain old phone system’ (POTS), Cable TV, rented lines and remote. Data based exchanges are making better approaches for working together and even new sorts of business. 7. Consolidating Transaction Electronic Commerce likewise inco11'orates exchange the executives, which composes, courses, procedures and tracks exchanges. It likewise incorporates buyers making electronic installments and assets moves. 8.Increasing of Revenue Firm use innovation to either bring down working expenses or increment income. Electronic Commerce can possibly expand income by making new markets for old items, making new data based items, and setting up new assistance conveyance channels to all the more likely serve and communicate with clients. The exchange the executives part of electronic business can likewise empower firms to diminish work ing expenses by empowering better coordination in the business, creation and dissemination forms and to solidify activities dry decrease overhead. . Decrease of Friction Electronic Commerce research and its related usage is to lessen the â€Å"friction† in on line exchanges gratings is regularly portrayed in financial matters as exchange cost. It can emerge from wasteful market structures and wasteful mixes of the mechanical exercises required to make an exchange. Eventually, the decrease of grinding in online trade wil

How HR Strategy Can Help You Gain a Competitive Advantage

How HR Strategy Can Help You Gain a Competitive Advantage THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL The four Ps of marketing product, place, promotion, and price certainly present many compelling ways to differentiate your firm’s product or services from those of your competition, and it is often where new entrepreneurs start. However, as you plan to get your business off the ground, you need to consider more than just marketing strategies to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, no matter which market your firm is in. One of the most important aspects of your business is what is known as your HR strategy and your human capital you, your team, and your employees. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article, we explore, 1) the importance of human capital, 2) HR as a source of competitive advantage, 3) building your team, 4) obtaining business services, 5) subcontracting, and 6) your first (and subsequent) hires.THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN CAPITALEffectively and efficiently managing your human capital â€" moreover, successfully leveraging your human capital to achieve your firm’s strategic business objectives, can help you achieve considerable success in the marketplace. Conversely, failing to do so, through a lack of planning or poor implementation, can result in reduced productivity and profits, and even a poor brand reputation.Many fledgling entrepreneurs often overlook human resources planning in the early stages of their firm’s creation. Many think that human resources begins when a firm grows large enough to have a formal human resource department an office, a director, a dedicated budget line, and other hallmarks of a large firm. However, the truth is that HR strategy starts when a firm is a single person. Whether or not you have a formal written plan for human resources at the start-up stage for how you handle your own entrepreneurial education, compensation, and working hours, HR strategy can set the stage for how you will handle these kinds of decisions when you decide to hire your first employee(s). Similarly, how you acquire business services to fulfill business functions you do not have the time or expertise to fulfill, and subcontractors for those extra services you wish to provide, will lay the foundation for how you make those decisions when your firm grows larger.Therefore, it is critical that you approach these decisions strategically from the very beginning. Moreover, you do not have to be an expert in HR at this stage to do so. It is critical, however, that you are able to answer these questions:What is my firm’s competitive advantage?What are the strategies and tactics my firm will use to achi eve/maintain/increase that advantage?How can I leverage my firm’s human capital to achieve those goals and achieve/maintain/increase that advantage?HUMAN RESOURCES AS A SOURCE OF COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGELet’s explore the ways human resources can help you enhance your competitive advantage, or even help you create a new one:You may choose to compete by offering the lowest prices on the market. To do so, you must ensure that your operating expenses are as low as possible to maximize profit. By deriving your human capital from a pool independent contractors and/or offshore, for example, you may be able to minimize HR expenses, which, when combined with other methods of reducing business expenses, may help you achieve significant profits. While many Fortune 500 firms have received significant criticism for the use of offshore vendors, they have leveraged this strategy to achieve tremendous profits.A variety of perspectives can yield lucrative ideas about how to differentiate your produ ct or service, or even create new ones. These ideas can come from anywhere, but equity partners, advisory board members, and full- or part-time employees are often the richest source of innovation. 3M’s internal culture is renowned for nurturing employee innovation, by allowing employees a certain amount of time each week to work on projects in which they are interested, even if there is no immediate application. Often, these kinds of projects have led to some of 3M’s most popular products, such as the Post-It note.Highly skilled employees may allow you to offer a superior product for which you can charge a premium. Such is the case with luxury products/services, as well as most firms that are competing based on the quality of their products/services. While it may cost you more to recruit and/or train and retain highly skilled employees who can add value to your offerings, that cost can be passed to the consumer in the form of premium pricing.Maybe your source of competitive adv antage is operational effectiveness. Skilled employees, who find ways to reduce internal costs, can increase operating margins. A strong internal culture â€" one marked by high employee morale and engagement, can increase productivity, and ultimately, increase profits.BUILDING YOUR TEAMYou’ve committed to starting your business, but you may not want to do it alone. You may not have the expertise to develop your vision, but you have no capital. Or maybe you already have an equity partner with whom you are working, but need another one or two folks with the right talents to take your idea and make it a reality. However, you do have no prototype or product, or revenue, with which to compensate them. © Entrepreneurial InsightsThe good news is that with the proliferation of the digital world, and the growth of multinational distribution channels, has come a world full of would-be entrepreneurs both in the U.S. and abroad. There are undergraduate and graduate degrees in entrepreneurship, start-up networking groups, and even reality shows like Shark Tank, which illustrate actual entrepreneurs obtaining funding and strategic partners. Short of auditioning for a reality show, how do you go about finding like-minded individuals willing to work on your business idea, for only the promise of possible success?Online networking sites, such as Founder2Be, match entrepreneurs with fledgling enterprises. College campuses are another great place to look. You may consider auditing a class in a particular area to shore up your expertise; why not take advantage of the campuses business networking groups while you are there?When looking for an equity partner, here are a couple of things to consid er:Passion and commitment: You are asking this individual to work on a project with no guarantee that it will eventually make enough money to compensate them. They have to believe in the idea, and when the going gets rough, you must find ways to reinforce that belief. (Sounds an awful lot like an HR function).Expertise: You need to find someone who can compensate for the areas in which you are lacking. This goes without saying, but be sure that they are actually capable of doing the work through thorough background and reference checks before you assign them a critical task.OBTAINING BUSINESS SERVICESYou may be a sole proprietor, or even just a fledgling entrepreneur with zero capital, just an idea and insomnia. You may think to yourself, “I cannot afford to take a salary, so how much HR planning can I do?”To start with, it is unlikely that you have enough time or expertise to fulfill all of the functions of your firm â€" from marketing to IT to accounting to legal to finance to sales. Some of these functions will have to be obtained from third parties as business services. How do you go about obtaining these services in such a way that advances your overall business strategy? How you approach plugging up your deficits as an individual is a human resources problem and sets the stage for how your firm handles human resources down the line.First, review your business strategy. If you are competing on cost than you will automatically rule out low cost providers. If you are looking for ways to differentiate your firm, you may gravitate towards firms that tout their creativity.Do your research. In the same way that a corporation’s HR department might employ a firm to conduct background checks, check a vendor’s references â€" such as their other clients and their profiles on third party watchdog sites like the Better Business Bureau.Build long-term relationships with quality vendors. Part of HR is the retention of talented human capital, so it is best to ass ess the short-term performance of a business vendor’s services, and if they exceed expectations, then retain them through a long-term contract.SUBCONTRACTINGYour time is finite and valuable. Chances are you may be burning the candle at both ends trying to produce a certain type and number of products/services, in the early stages. But what happens when a client comes to you with a lucrative order for a related product/service that you don’t have the time, or possibly the expertise, to offer?One solution is subcontracting the work to a third-party firm. This can be lucrative: by increasing capacity, you may be able to meet increased demand, and/or offer new products/services. But be careful. A subcontractor’s performance or lack thereof reflects on your brand, not theirs. You are ultimately responsible â€"and liable- for meeting the client’s demand, which makes subcontractor selection a crucial decision.Some things to consider:Do: Develop relationships with multiple subcontra ctors. Life happens and even the most reliable subcontractor may be unable to meet a deadline for reasons beyond their control. Having a second, and even, third go-to person, can ensure that you meet client expectations.Don’t: Automatically select the lowest bidder. While you may be competing on cost, the phrase, “You get what you pay for” often applies in business. An inexpensive firm may not be able to meet your need for reliability and flexibility.Do: Your research. Take stock of your existing professional relationships, online freelance sites, such as Elance, and professional networking associations for referrals. But do not stop there. Make sure you check references. Start with small projects and assess the results. There are hundreds of thousands of firms in the U.S. alone that offer B2B services, so if one subcontractor does not work out, there are plenty of others from which to choose.Don’t: Over-rely on subcontractors. There will come a time, hopefully early on, whe n you have enough capital to take on an employee, even if for a part-time position. This should be welcomed, rather than considered as an additional cost. Hiring employees allows you to exercise greater control over your product/service and its production and delivery process. It allows you to develop in-house expertise, and it builds or heightens your nascent organizational culture.YOUR FIRST (AND SUBSEQUENT) HIRESOnce you have reached a point where you can hire, you may have already made many HR decisions. You may not have thought of them as such, but team-building, obtaining business services, and subcontracting are all HR decisions. A strong employee can increase productivity and profits, while a weak employee can decrease the same, and even potentially harm tarnish your reputation.When hiring, “[it helps], if I form a relationship with the person prior to the job,” says Brian Murphy, owner of Murphy’s Tavern and Victory Cantina in New York City. “It keeps me competitive because people don’t only work because it’s their job, but they often try harder to ‘help me out’ because of the bond we form. I also tend to [give] the recommendations of other valued staff [great weight when hiring].”When asking what advice he would provide fledgling entrepreneurs, he offers, this on hiring: “I would say use your best judgment. Get someone based on personality and their ability to work, not on their past work experience. Just because someone has been doing something for a while does not mean that they haven’t developed bad habits or are good at what they do. Get someone who is willing to learn what you want to teach them.”All important points. Others to consider include:Ensure that your hires are aligned with your business strategy and tactics. Do not just hire because you can. Make sure that each new employee is hired to accomplish some aspect of your firm’s strategic plan.Formalize HR planning. Even if you have given it short shrift until this point, your first hire necessitates the beginning of long-term HR planning.Finally, pay particular attention to the culture of your firm. A combination of freelancers, equity partners, part-or full-time employees, and business service vendors, all combine to create something very unique. If not properly cultivated, it can have a negative impact on your entire operation. However, if nurtured, it can lead to a lasting and sustained advantage for your firm.

Native American Education Essay - 907 Words

The modern American society is best defined by its education. The â€Å"American dream† is founded on going to school, getting a good job, and becoming successful. Ironically, the actual native peoples of this country are actually the least likely to attain this dream. The largest obstacle they face is lack of proper education. The standard educational practices being used for the instruction of Native American peoples is not effective. There are many pieces to this road-block, and many solutions. This can be rectified by having more culturally aware teachers and parents, and by teaching the general population more about the Native American cultures. Many Native Americans do not graduate from high school. This makes finding an ideal,†¦show more content†¦Where planning ahead and thinking of future events is such a commonplace value to most Euro-Americans, it is one foreign to Native peoples’ tradition. They are taught to live â€Å"in the now†, a nd to be thankful for what they have, while they have it. To many of the more traditional native peoples, the excessive planning on modern society’s part is incomprehensible. This makes even the idea of the â€Å"American dream† one hard to fully realize. There are a lot of things that help improve this situation, one of them being an increased awareness of the societal differences, and what can be done about it. One of the biggest problems, which is a lack of information about the educational system in general, can be easily resolved: by teaching the students’ families about it. Brochures and posters would be a way to start, ones created specifically with the Native peoples in mind. Another great step would be more parent-teacher conferences. The family needs to understand how important this is in society, and what exactly their child can gain from it, and how important it is to be involved in their child’s school life. It would also be a venue i n which both parties could work together to understand the student more, and help bridge the culture gap. This is where action needs to be decided upon, like routines that would be beneficial to the students learning. On the otherShow MoreRelatedThe Education Of Native Americans Essay1317 Words   |  6 Pagesaccomplishment compared to that of a college degree or getting a first job. Though it is just as important to have, it is seen as basic and necessary, with 82% of public education students graduating high school during the 2013-14 year (nces.ed.gov, 2016). However, for a variety of reasons, many students drop out of high school. Native American students have the lowest high school graduation rate of any non-White group in the U.S. Granted that reasons may vary from drug issues, work, family, or just disinterestRead MoreNative American Education Essay1530 Words   |  7 PagesNative American Education Through the years minority groups have long endured repression, poverty, and discrimination. A prime example of such a group is the Native Americans. They had their own land and fundamental way of life stripped from them almost unceasingly for decades. Although they were the real â€Å"natives† of the land, they were driven off by the government and coerced to assimilate to the white man’s way. Unfortunately, the persecution of the Natives was primarily based on the prevalentRead MoreNative American Education Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pagesgroup is the Native Americans. They had their own land and basic way of life stripped from them almost constantly for decades. Although they were the actual â€Å"natives† of the land, they were forced by the government to give it up and compelled to assimilate to the white man’s way. This past scarred the Native American’s preservation of culture as many were discouraged to speak the native language and dress in traditional clothing. Because of this cultural neglect, among other things, Native Indians haveRead MoreEarly Education of Native Americans830 Words   |  3 PagesNative Americans put up a good fight in defending their homelands against foreign invaders. Unfortunately, they suffered defeat and realized they would have to adapt to a new way of life. The battle for their lands was over, but the battle for their identities would just begin. However, it would not be the hardened warriors engaging in this conflict. Instead, the young Native American children would witness first-hand the American government’s solution to the Indian problem. Boarding schools wereRead MoreNative American Education Essay2273 Words   |  10 Pagescivilize Native Americans. They sent children to these schools against their will. Native American children were educated like Americans and they had to change their native ways to be more like whites (Cayton 266). Teachers abused their students and beat their native ways out of them. They were not allowed to see their families so they would try to escape, but their attempts were unsuccessful. The United States government’s Boarding Schools of the mid-late 1800s irreparably changed Native American cultureRead MoreIssues with Native American Education Essay1528 Words   |  7 PagesEducation has been a topic of controversy for many years now, and will continue to be for years to come. The modern American society is best defined by its education. A good part of the average person’s life is spent at school, going to school, and paying for school. However, even though education is so obviously very important, there are many groups in America that are getting shorted. The Native Americans are a key group that has struggled the most. The largest obstacle they face is lack ofRead More Special Education Implementation For Native American Girls Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesSpecial Education Implementation For Native A merican Girls Quality education for children has been an ongoing issue for todays society. There has also been an increasing concern for the education of students with special needs. The effect of these concerns has been noted in many communities, such as the Native American community. The population of special education students in the Native American communities is not necessarily higher than others, however, their community is effectedRead MoreMy People The Sioux And The Lives Of Native Americans Essay1627 Words   |  7 PagesStanding Bear’s account of his life growing up as a Sioux Native American amidst a nation flourishing with change is a powerful and poignant narrative that draws us deeper into the history of The United States. My People the Sioux and the life of Luther Standing Bear are both crucial in examining the positive connotations of Indian Boarding Schools and the use of education to challenge the inferiority complex surrounding Native Americans. Luther Standing Bear was born in December of 1868 and thisRead MoreLiberty And Education For All America, The Land Of Opportunity1531 Words   |  7 PagesLiberty and Education for All America, the land of opportunity. Many people imagine of making their dreams a reality in the country of the United States, some do succeed but for others it is out of their reach. Many people do not think of the fight for education to be an issue in America, especially since America is called â€Å"the best nation on Earth†. It is like when Malala from Pakistan fought for rights that everyone should have the right to education. Education is said to be the key to successRead MoreCultural Values Of Cultures, Navajo, Laguna, And Euro American Culture1003 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay will explore the cultural values of three different cultures; Navajo, Laguna, and Euro-American culture. Two of the cultures that I will be exploring are the Native communities that I have been well exposed to since I was a child. The values that I will be discussing are gender, education, and money. Growing up on a reservation in New Mexico, I have a closer insight on the similarities and diffe rences of those values. The first value I will be analyzing is gender. Gender is a topic that

Study Guide Hum 325 Essay - 1465 Words

According to Patricia Hill Collins in â€Å"The Power of Self-Definition,† creating a safe space is important part of empowerment because: In â€Å"The Power of Self-Definition,† Patricia Hill Collins stresses that self-reliance, self-knowledge, and self-valuation are necessary to empower Black women to create their own self-definitions. According to Patricia Hill Collins, what are â€Å"controlling images†? Patricia Hill Collins defines â€Å"self-valuation† as: When professor Asbell showed the class the spoken word poems by Bridget Gray, she said they were an example of: According to Patricia Hill Collins, what was Billie Holiday’s purpose for singing â€Å"God Bless the Child†? According to Patricia Hill Collins, constructing your own†¦show more content†¦Dr. James Paterson explains, â€Å"the culture and the energy that came from that was very improvisational energy, a very sort of reclaiming energy that young folks, through dance, through rapping and DJ, so on and so forth, that is how the culture took hold. It was a (fill in the blank) __________________________________. And when I say violence, I mean like destroying homes. Imagine somebody putting a highway through your neighborhood, then you can understand hip-hop.† According to Dr. Jelanl Cobb in Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes, why are braggadocio and boast so central to the history of Hip Hop? Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes gave several examples of homoeroticism in Hip Hop. Dr. Michael Eric Dyson argues that Snoop Dogg’s lyric â€Å"It ain’t no fun if my homies can’t have none† and Nelly’s â€Å"I said it ain’t no fun until we all get some† are homoerotic because: Carmen Ashurs-Watson, former President of Def Jam records, explains in Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes that â€Å"gangster music† became popular when? Chuck D. from Public Enemy and Carmen Ashurs-Watson (Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) both agree that when corporate record labels began producing rap music, the music became â€Å"less conscious† because: Jadakiss and Dr. James Patterson Watson (Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) both explain the largest consumers of Hip Hop music are: Jadakiss Watson (Hip Hop: Beyond Beats and Rhymes) arguesShow MoreRelatedOccupational Stress: Causes and Management11211 Words   |  45 Pagesits effects in order to create solutions for monitoring and decreasing workplace stress. The project will review studies that have been conducted on sources of workplace stress, its effects and how organizations can introduce effective interventions to monitor and prevent workplace stress. The most important aspect will be the effect of effective supervision on workplace stress. The study has two major aims. The first is to determine the scale, causes and effects of workplace stress. This will alsoRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmymanagementlab is an online assessment and preparation solution for courses in Principles of Management, Human Resources, Strategy, and Organizational Behavior that helps you actively study and prepare material for class. Chapter-by-chapter activities, including built-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesthat they will be treated as complementary rather than in competition with one another. Roger Blench Cambridge November 2006. ii Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. Draft of Edition II Kay Williamson’s 1983 Preface to the Second Edition The study of Igbo has advanced enormously since the first edition of this dictionary, and the standardization and development of the language have also progressed under the leadership of a group of dedicated linguists and the enthusiasts of the Society for Promoting

A Startling Fact about Intitle:Free Commentary Essay Samples Issue Uncovered

A Startling Fact about Intitle:Free Commentary Essay Samples Issue Uncovered How to Get Started with Intitle : Free Commentary Essay Samples Issue? 1 basic means to elevate the caliber of your next essay is to quit summarizing and get started commentating. There are several essay writing services that think they're the very best, and thus don't be cheated and check the legitimate collection of the very best. There are an assortment of ways on the way you're able to write references in your essay that you can commonly see in some essay writing basic guides. Sometimes the aim of a personal essay is just to entertain. Essays have many purposes, but the fundamental structure is exactly the same. You may observe that many Issue Essay prompts make statements that are tough to totally support. Make sure the commentary follows the outline you've prepared in the start. To start with you would like to be certain to know who your audience will be because you wish to write for that audience. Other times, you will have more freedom as to what sort of commentary you have in your essay. There are plenty of steps which you have to follow to compose an effective and successful literary commentary. What You Need to Know About Intitle : Free Commentary Essay Samples Issue When it has to do with the middle school, the argumentative essay consists of moderate topics. The incorporation of references in your essay will be dependent on the format which you will use. Different essay types need various questions. An outline of various sorts of academic papers is not too much different. Alongside the topics, you'd discover loads of papers at no cost. Since it's not a thesis, it doesn't require a general discussion on this issue and a statement. It is vital to pick a great topic to be able to compose an excellent paper. To begin writing your assignment you would want to run into an interesting and promising topic. The Benefits of Intitle : Free Commentary Essay Samples Issue Absolutely free Commentary essay samples are offered on FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Second, check out whether there is sufficient information available on the internet or in your college library. Students may also attend workshops on a number of writing-related issues provided by the Center throughout the academic calendar year. Perspective pieces may concentrate on current advances and future directions on a topic, and could consist of original data along with personal opinion. A literary commentary is specially focused on a comprehensive analysis and in depth descri ption of a particular text. Still, every one of them would show up in the overall list. Just as how there are examples about how to start essays, in addition, there are a variety of ways on the way you are able to list down your references. Typically, it doesn't include references and quotes in it. Quoting your references is likewise an easy method to bring an immediate explanation of why a specific content is put in a certain portion of your essay. Utilize whatever you know to reveal your comprehension of the Earth, and bring out good old philosophical theories. Others, obviously, scoff at the idea since they're such very good writers. Practice brainstorming plenty of different essay prompts from the ETS website to become accustomed to coming up with examples that you may use to support your viewpoint. There are a few important things which you will need to know to be able to write up an outstanding essay. The caliber of the text is extremely important. When you note down the ideas, make certain tha t you highlight the critical keyword phrases. Some critical keywords could possibly be repeated in the short article, so they will be quite helpful in writing in your commentary. Selecting an emotional topic is also a great idea. You also receive a nice opportunity to dig more into research! The main purpose of such sort of writing is to initiate a forum where people are able to voice and opine different perspectives on a particular topic. Despite the fact that you work together, you probably elaborate the very best research question at the fastest pace. The intent of assigning an essay to middle school students is to make awareness and permit them to develop writing skills. There are lots of aspects about a sport which can be argued in an essay. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. You aren't solely describing something, you're analyzing and even dissecting it. The length, purpose, and tone often are based on the commentary topics you opt for, or on the needs of your teacher.

Critical Review

Question: Discuss about the Determinants of, and Barriers to, Market Orientation and the Relationship with Business Performance Among SMEs. Answer: Introduction The underlining term market orientation is the systematic framework with the help of which a specific business organization tends to focus on how the needs and demands of the customers can be fulfilled by using product mix. Argote (2012) opined that in order to maintain a rhythmic business flow every business organization has to follow a specific structure to keep systematic control over the entire business process. In this specific article Determinants of, and barriers to, market orientation and the relationship with business performance among SMEs, published by Dubihlela Dhurup (2015) the author has provided an in-depth overview about the importance of market orientation in enhancing the business performance level of small and medium enterprises. In order to run a business organization successfully in the market, the business experts have to focus on market orientation and product innovation for fulfilling the needs and demands of customers. In case of small and medium enterprises the importance of effective business performance is highly important to create a demand in the market. This particular article has highlighted that SMEs sectors in the current scenario has widely faced an enormous economic growth due to which the business experts have shown their major concern on market orientation as well as product innovation. Argote (2012) stated that people belonging to different geographical markets are possessed with numerous needs and demands, Small and medium organizations have to get an in-depth overview about the needs and desires of the customers. The author in this specific article has highlighted that SMEs have to face several barriers in implementing market orientation within business process. The lack of conducting market survey can be considered as one of the most effective barriers. Bloom, Sadun and Van Reenen (2012) commented that people belonging to different geographical markets are having various tastes regarding services. Therefore, before implementing market orientation strategy the business experts of SMEs have to focus on market analysis as well. As a result, the business experts would get an in-depth overview about the current market demand. On the other hand, in order to implement market orientation strategy the small and medium enterprises have to invest large amount of money based on which the organization would be able to fulfill the needs and demands of the customers. While implementing product innovation strategy, the business experts have to focus on maintaining well structure in every individual structure separately. Bock et al. (2012) stated that sales department, marketing department, production department and customer service department should focus on maintaining organizational structure properly so that the employees can maintain a balance between customers supply and demand. Therefore, this specific article has primarily deals with the factors on hoe marketing orientation has a major impact in enhancing the needs and demands of customers belonging to different geographical sectors. Place the Article within wider Subject Context: In the article Determinants of, and barriers to, market orientation and the relationship with business performance among SMEs the author has opined that small and medium industry is possessed with two primary divisions including buying division and selling division in the marketing sector. Bock et al. (2012) stated that buying division primarily plays the responsibility of negotiating with the suppliers to make the availability of products (Burke, 2013). Business promotion and marketing the products to make a major threat in retail market is one of the most significant responsibilities of buying division. Making a merchandise plan to place the product to the doorstep of target customers is also one of the most important responsibilities of buying division. On the other hand, in selling division, the customer service executives have to play key role for convincing the customers and selling the products in various markets. As opined by Camisn and Villar-Lpez (2014), providing quality p roducts and services to the customers is not the only responsibility of business experts. While delivering the products to the customers, the customers service manager has to follow a hierarchy with the help of which product can be delivered systematically by maintaining customers expectation. As per the academic discipline or area every article should maintain several steps as well as tools. The tools include a suitable title, abstract, introduction, methods and materials, findings, discussions and analysis. In this particular article, Determinants of, and barriers to, market orientation and the relationship with business performance among SMEs, the author has maintained academic disciplines in a true sense. At the same time, this particular article is not devoid of some of the major drawbacks highlighted by some eminent contemporary scholars. Cummings and Worley (2014) opined that the author in this specific article has decided to focus on market orientation and its importance in business expansion. On the other hand, the article has dealt with the impact of market orientation on the small and medium enterprises. Strength and Weakness of the Suggested Improvement: Strength: While selecting this specific article the author has clearly highlighted the research issue. After identifying the research issue the aims and objectives of the article has clearly been highlighted (Vaccaro et al., 2012). While conducting the research methodology process the author has focused to deal with positivism philosophy for evaluating the necessary effects of organizational structure on market orientation. Gallistel (2013) stated that in order to use diversified products at the workplace and maintain market orientation, the business experts have to follow a suitable strategy to run the business process. With the help of positivism philosophy, the author has become dependent on repeated observation. The most effective strength of positivism philosophy is that the entire research process is based on repeated observation. This particular methodology is not cost effective (Sakagawa Kajalo, 2016). The implementation of market innovation model the author has decided to set the hypothesis. Deductive research approach is possessed with some of the positive aspects. While making this particular approach the author has dealt with some of the major case studies. Burke (2013) stated that the author had collected sufficient data on how a proper organizational structure has a positive impact in the market orientation. After evaluating major case studies, the author has received sufficient data and information about product mix, market innovation strategy. Latent variables cannot be measured directly for accomplishing research work. For an instance, personality can be considered as latent variable. The data analyst by asking or forming some of the suitable and relevant questions cannot measure the personality of respondents. Camisn and Villar-Lpez (2014) opined that the employees of retail sector can be the respondents while collecting data regarding the research issue. Therefore, data analyst with the help of Confirmatory factor analysis has to face challenges in judging the personality of employees by throwing some of the relevant questions related to the research topic. On the other hand primary source of data collection technique has been used in this specific study. The primary source of data collection technique implies that both the data analysts and the participants can maintain a face to face communication by maintaining both qualitative and quantitative data collection procedure. Cummings and Worley (2014) stated that the primary strength of primary data collection procedure is that the feedback gathered from the respondents is immediate. As a result, the data analysts do not have to wait for a long time in order to collect data and information for accomplishing the entire research work properly. Weakness of Article with Suggested Improvement: The article has not focused to evaluate the factors that affect maintaining effective market orientation structure at the workplace. Among most of the significant factors, economic strength is one of the most prominent factors based on which most of the organizations prevailing in the retail sectors fail to maintain proper organizational sector (Ford Richardson, 2013). Therefore, it can be suggested that while evaluating this particular article the author could have mentioned the foremost factors due to which business experts cannot maintain organizational structure effectively at the workplace. In this specific article, the author has not mentioned the impact of market orientation and market innovation in enhancing the business performance of organization. In order to keep a control over the diversified products and services, the small and medium enterprises should maintain a proper hierarchy (Rummler Brache, 2012). For an example, a proper organizational structure can help the company in providing good services to the customers. Therefore, it can be stated that the article should focus in highlighting the positive impacts of implementing proper organizational structure in the market orientation. In the research methodology part, the author could have focused on using post positivism philosophy based on which data can be collected with proper observation. The author would not have to be dependent on observation only. On the other hand, Confirmatory factor analysis is not appropriate enough to collect sufficient data regarding the research topic. Gallistel (2013) opined that the actual data of the latent variables is not authentic as it is based on the biased comment. The entire article could be focused on secondary source of data analysis technique as well. Harper (2015) stated that thematic analysis is one of the most recognizable procedure of secondary method that allows a data analyst to make an effective comparative analysis form various resources such as journals, magazines, books, websites and so many. Along with maintaining Confirmatory factor analysis, the data analyst can focus on conducting secondary data collection process as well. Reliability, Validity and Generalisability of the Findings of the Paper: Reliability: The factor of reliability implies whether the study that the author has conducted is having a same conclusion if this specific study is conducted by other author (Powell DiMaggio, 2012). The importance of market orientation and its impact of business expansion is a broad topic. In this specific topic the author has collected data and information from primary resources. As a result, the data collection procedure is highly dependent on the response of the participants (Hatch Cunliffe, 2013). Therefore, the conclusion may not be the same. Validity: Before conducting the questionnaires, interview and sampling technique the data analyst tends to pre-test those questions in order to identify its validity. After preparing the questionnaires the data analysts do not directly apply those questions in the survey and interview procedure (Kark Shamir, 2013). The business analysts would have to evaluate whether this particular questions are having validity or not. Generalisability: The concept of generalisability implies whether the research findings are valuable for other organization, industry, countries as well as culture. While conducting a particular research work the aim of the researcher always remains not to be specific but to be general. The findings should not be restricted within specific group of people (MacKay, 2012). The entire research work should be conducted in such a way that various organizations, industries can use this article. Conclusion: The entire study has provided in-depth overview about the relationship between market orientation and the performance of small and medium enterprises. While providing appropriate information, the author has mentioned the name of author with appropriate resource for maintaining the accurate source of data. At the same time, it is undeniable that every research paper has to focus on providing the name of data collection resources. This particular article is not exceptional to that. In this specific article the author has focused to provide the data sources for maintain ethical consideration factors. While making a relationship between measured variable and latent variable for hypothesis testing, the author has focused to collect accurate data without forcing any individual respondents. As per the ethical responsibility, the data analysts should never impose their own decision on the respondents while gathering data and information. In this article, the author has followed the same beliefs and virtues. The author did not force the respondents for providing their feedback regarding the research. The entire article and data collection method was highly dependent on the spontaneous response of participants. References: Argote, L. (2012).Organizational learning: Creating, retaining and transferring knowledge. Springer Science Business Media. Bloom, N., Sadun, R., Van Reenen, J. (2012). The organization of firms across countries.The quarterly journal of economics,127(4), 1663-1705. Bock, A. J., Opsahl, T., George, G., Gann, D. M. (2012). The effects of culture and structure on strategic flexibility during business model innovation.Journal of Management Studies,49(2), 279-305. Burke, W. W. (2013).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Camisn, C., Villar-Lpez, A. (2014). Organizational innovation as an enabler of technological innovation capabilities and firm performance.Journal of Business Research,67(1), 2891-2902. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Dubihlela, J., Dhurup, M. R. (2015). Determinants Of, And Barriers To, Market Orientation And The Relationship With Business Performance Among SMES. Journal of Applied Business Research, 31(5), 1667 Ford, R. C., Richardson, W. D. (2013). Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer Netherlands. Gallistel, C. R. (2013).The organization of action: A new synthesis. Psychology Press. Harper, C. (2015).Organizations: Structures, processes and outcomes. Routledge. Hatch, M. J., Cunliffe, A. L. (2013).Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Kark, R., Shamir, B. (2013). The dual effect of transformational leadership: Priming relational and collective selves and further effects on followers. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. 77-101). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. MacKay, D. G. (2012).The organization of perception and action: A theory for language and other cognitive skills. Springer Science Business Media. Powell, W. W., DiMaggio, P. J. (Eds.). (2012).The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. University of Chicago Press. Rummler, G. A., Brache, A. P. (2012).Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. Sakagawa, Y., Kajalo, S. (2016, July). The Effects Of Organizational Structure On Market Orientation And Innovation Orientation In Retailing. In 2016 Global Marketing Conference at Hong Kong (pp. 215-219). Vaccaro, I. G., Jansen, J. J., Van Den Bosch, F. A., Volberda, H. W. (2012). Management innovation and leadership: The moderating role of organizational size.Journal of Management Studies,49(1), 28-51.

Compare Ideas and Images in the Six Metaphysical Love Poems Essay Example

Compare Ideas and Images in the Six Metaphysical Love Poems Essay Noted for their tendency toward psychological analysis of the emotions, metaphysical poetry offers an extensive range of love poems. The ideas and imagery contained within these poems are habitually written in the form of an extended metaphor, often to support a passionate argument from the poet either with himself, God or, in this case, a lover. Alongside such metaphors, the poets in question also favoured the use of conceits (outrageous puns used to sustain an argument). I hope to pay particular attention to these witty analogies throughout this piece. Despite the brief and concentrated subject matter for each individual poem, the contemporaries of the seventeenth century intended to shock a great majority of the public and their critics with their unconventional rough verse and strained imagery.The six love poems included in this comparison were written by two of the most distinguished metaphysical poets of their time. Andrew Marvell, the son of a vicar, was a Member of Parliament for Hull alongside his position as a successful, yet controversial poet. His poems are: To His Coy Mistress, The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers and The Fair Singer. John Donne converted from Catholicism to Protestantism at an early age. This contentious attitude is also mirrored in his poetry, where customary convention is forgotten. His poems are: The Sun Rising, Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed and The Flea. Many themes are common throughout all six of the above, and I hope to explore a select few below.The presence of a beautiful female, lusted after by the poet is prominent in each poem. With the eventual intention, in most cases, of bedding this female in mind, the use of flattery is clearly evident. In To His Coy Mistress, Marvell suggests that at this present time, her youthful attractiveness is potent enough to fulfil his every desire:the youthful hueSits on thy skin like morning dew,Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed is similar to To His Coy Mistress i n that both poets are prepared to say or do anything in order to achieve their aim. In this example, Donne attempts to charm his beloved by explaining that as appealing as her clothes are, they conceal a far more beauteous state. The same poet expresses further flattery in The Sun Rising. However, unlike previous examples, it appears that his undue compliments are a boasting of his great conquest rather than a desperate attempt to convince the girl to bow to his wishes:If her eyes have not blinded thine,Further adulation without lascivious intentions is obvious throughout Marvells The Fair Singer. In this instance, the poet is not speaking directly to his lover, but to himself or perhaps the reader. His flattery implies adoration for the girl, as if resistance is futile. This is surprising, as it is unlike the metaphysical poets to accept defeat so readily to a womans omnipotence. Yet Andrew Marvell also struggled to rebuff his feelings for the subject of The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers, as he paid tribute to her beauty:This darling of the Gods..On many an occasion, flattery failed to impress the poets female oppressor into bed. Subsequently, numerous forms of persuasion are utilised instead. Many of these form the basis of the extended metaphor for the poem. One such example is Donnes flea analogy. A trivial fleabite incurred by himself and his mistress initiates his somewhat elaborate argument in which he illustrates the supposed insignificance of the loss of virginity. The poet trivialises the matter by explaining how their blood, resting in the gut of the flea, is consequently mingled together, no more so than during the act of sexual intercourse. However, in Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed, Donne differs his argument. He is more assertive and appears to command the woman to remove her clothes. Yet, as the poem draws to a close, he makes use of another persuasive attribute, reassurance:To teach thee, I am naked first; why thenWhat n eedst thou have more covering than a man.Donne is saying that she need not worry or be anxious about appearing naked in front of her, for he will cover her body. On the other hand, in To His Coy Mistress, Marvell adopts the same analogical approach as The Flea. He endeavours to exploit his beloveds naivety by means of assuring her that if time were on their side, he would not hesitate to delay the consummation of their relationship until such a time when she desired. However, the poet soon startles the girl as his argument becomes more nefarious. He declares that if she were to die early, only worms would remain to take her virginity as she would be buried underground:then worms shall tryThat long preserved virginity,This form of persuasion is possibly the most contemptible of all.Another common theme that runs through these poems, and which would be frowned upon today, is that of referring to the woman as territory or land which must be conquered. Consequently, the lady in question is often labelled an enemy, and military imagery is commonplace. In The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers, Marvell assumes that when the young girl matures, she will fend off the advances of men and become their enemy. He even goes as far as to compare a mans downfall to this girl to his ensign becoming torn in battle. In the quote below, the poet implies that only sycophantic behaviour will overcome her:Happy, who canAppease this virtuous enemy of man!However, in The Fair Singer, the poet explains how he can not escape from the woman. Although this supports the premonition from The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers in that girls mature into the enemy of man, in this case it appears that the poet is under the control of the lover. He argues that she has such great attractiveness, he can not dominate her:It had been easy fighting in some plain,Where victory might hang in equal choice,But all resistance against her is vain,This could imply that waging war on the battlefield would be simpler than attempting not to yield to the girl, or it may suggest that he could effortlessly resist a woman of lesser beauty. Further reference to territory appears in The Sun Rising. Donnes poem is similar to The Fair Singer in that he hyperbolises the importance of conquering his beloved. He suggests that she is worthy of all states and territory placed together, and that he is comparatively insignificant:She is all States, and all Princes, INothing else is.Alongside the theme of territorial attitudes, the metaphysical poets also appear entirely possessive. In Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed, Donne envisions his delight at discovering new-found-land before listing its resources as belonging to him:My mine of precious stones, my empery,The poet also states that as the area belongs to him, he should guard it from others. It appears that men at the time were involved in one ongoing contest to seek out the most girls, and to shelter them from others f or the longest period of time.Religion played a great part in the seventeenth century society. In fact, as I have said, Andrew Marvell and John Donne were both brought up as devout Christians. It is surprising, however, for a number of the poems to refer so clearly to religious conceptions, when many are centered around lust; one of the seven deadly sins. For example, in The Flea, Donne convinces his mistress that their love is genuine and holy by labelling the animal (in which their blood is mingled) a marriage temple. The same poet refers to this image again in Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed. Donne reassures his mistress that his bed is not a site of corruption, but sacred and comforting. This would have been an effective method of persuading the girl into bed, as was discussed in an earlier paragraph:In this loves hallowd temple, this soft bed!However, within a few lines, the religious imagery is no longer sanctified. Donne compares his mistress to an angel, but not because of her purity and innocence, but because she is an object of desire. The reference to angels causing flesh to stand on end would have outraged the church at the time and it appears was deliberately controversial. The Picture Of little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers by Andrew Marvell, may also have caused offence as the poet elevated the girl to the position commonly associated with Eve. He imagines her to give names, colours and smells to the flowers:tamesThe wilder flowers, and gives them names:It seems that the metaphysical poets targeted the church as one of their chief critics, however, in some circumstances, the biblical references are merely present to add support to an argument. For example, in To His Coy Mistress, Marvell uses religion to emphasise his argument that it would not matter how long his beloved took to succumb to him, if time were on their side:I wouldLove you ten years before the Flood,The mention of the flood implies that the poet would be willing to love her fr om the beginning of time right through until the point they make love and beyond.The sun controls time. Subsequently a number of the poems welcome this, whilst others do not. In The Sun rising, the poet reprimands the sun for disturbing them so early. He does not wish for time to advance, for he is so in love and wishes the moment would never end. He feels that time has become inappropriate, therefore. On the other hand, time is critical in To His Coy Mistress. Marvell argues that they should sleep together before time runs out. Life is too short for coyness. There is also a mention of the sun, as the poet states that instead of halting time, they should make the most of it:Thus, though we cannot make our sunStand still, yet we will make him run.These poems are similar in that both subjects wish for time to stand still, however, as this is not possible, they should use their precious time together to the maximum advantage.The Fair Singer utilises the sun further:all my forces needs must be undone,She having gained both the wind and sun.The poet implies that the sun, along with the wind, is the most powerful force in existence. He compares his beloveds eyes and voice to these two, as she has complete power over him. She has, in essence, eclipsed his world. Unlike the two poems above, in this instance the sun is assisting the couple as it draws the man towards the woman so as he can yield to her and prevent her from taking over all his thoughts. The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers envisions the object of the poets admiration to grow into a resplendent young women. Therefore time is not hindering, but progressing. Yet the poet also feels that as time moves on, the girl will break the hearts of many young suitors. In this context, time is hurtful. The poet conveys his belief, by expressing his remorse that the girl will not remain innocent forever:Reform the errors of the spring;But most procureThat violets may a longer age endure.The poet is decla ring that he wishes her youth would sustain itself over a longer period of time. He makes use of an interesting conceit here, as innocence is in the form of a flower and nature as a whole.On a darker note, the motif of death is utilised to support many an argument. In To His Coy Mistress the poet attempts to startle the girl by forcing her to imagine a scenario where she has passed away a virgin. Death, in this case, is an intensely intimidating form of persuasion. An additional example of a powerful argument entailing death occurs in The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers:Lest Flora angry at thy crime,To kill her infants in their prime,Here, the poet is saying that once the youthful innocence of young girls is lost, their beauty disappears. Marvell implies that to remove this innocence at an early age would be to kill them, as they no longer appear attractive. In The Fair Singer, Marvell describes the woman as fatal. He also adds that he will believe this until the day he dies. This enables us to imagine the feeling of control he considers himself to be under. These poems all portray death as a formidable and frightening force. However, in The Flea, Donnes argument is entirely different. Once the woman kills the flea, she believes that his argument concerning their compounded blood has been crushed. Yet Donne states that to sleep with him would be as insignificant as the deed she has just performed. Not only does Donne trivialise the death of the flea, he attempts to lower the importance of copulation:Just so much honour, when thou yieldst to meWill waste, as this fleas death took life from thee.The value of love and intercourse is also varied from poem to poem. A selection devalue both and appear crude to a reader. However, a number do not. The Flea is possibly the most notable example of how love and intercourse are depreciated. The argument is extreme and possibly humorous. The comparison of such a consequential event to that of a deceased fle a is desperate and shows no sign of genuine care and love. Similarly, Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed is strongly argued. However, once again, the imagery used by Marvell is not from the heart, but from the loins:Your gown going off such beauteous state revealsOn the other hand, the same poet expresses his delight in The Fair Singer that love composed so sweet an enemy. This is in direct contrast to Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed, as he makes no reference to bedding the woman immediately. This implies that their relationship is not based on lust. Donne also offers a contrasting approach in his poem The Sun Rising. He is besotted by the girl and wants to spend as much time as possible with her. He will not close his eyes even to block out the obtrusive sun:I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink,But that I would not lose her sight so long:It can be said that this is a faà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ade, and that Donne is behaving in this way because he has received from his beloved what h e wanted. If this were to be the case, the value of love would have been diminished more so than any of the previous examples. In To His Coy Mistress, Marvell provides an example of such a scene. He says that he would be prepared to wait an eternity for his mistress to sleep with him, if only there was more time. The poet regards the act of sleeping with a woman as something which simply must be done and in the fastest possible time. Like Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed and The Flea, the man cares not for the moral value of such an occurrence.In addition, The Picture Of Little T.C. In A Prospect Of Flowers is a poignant longing on behalf of the poet for the girl to mature to an age which would be acceptable for him to court. However, he is worried that she will become cold towards men. He is not anxious she will refuse his love, but worried she will not sleep with him. By considering this, Marvell has already removed her innocence, in a way. The reference to the loss of innocenc e as a death proves that the poet does not believe a romance can exist after they sleep together. Love in particular is considered unimportant as far as many of these poems go.I believe that in the previous paragraph I have somewhat expressed my personal opinion on the nature of these six metaphysical poems. To His Coy Mistress and Elegy: On His Mistress Going To Bed are not, I believe, worthy of the heading love poems for they are centred around lust on behalf of the poet. There is no evidence of love. These two examples are also relatively simple, there is no mystery surrounding either what the poet desires or why.The Fair Singer and The Sun Rising are my two preferred pieces. In both, the poet is not speaking to his mistress but reminiscing about her. The imagery in this circumstance is far more effective and helps to paint a greater picture of the couples relationship. Despite this difference, I was surprised at the consistency of the common themes throughout all six poems. This helped me to imagine a seventeenth century society where social morals did not appear to play a grand part in the male seduction techniques, in particular those of the contemporary metaphysical poets.

Dells capital structure Essay Example

Dells capital structure Essay Example Dells capital structure Essay Dells capital structure Essay During the past five years DELL Inc.s debt ratio had been increasing. Even as early as 2002, the company already had a very high debt ratio. It had a debt ratio of sixty-five percent which is way above usual benchmark amount of fifty percent. It shows that the company is heavily reliant to debt financing to support its operation. In 2004, the companys debt ratio made a shallow dip before increasing again in 2005 and 2006. The companys debt ratio increased by   five percent from 2004 to 2005. Meanwhile, there was almost a ten percent increase in the companys debt ratio from 2005 to 2006. All in all, in the past five years, the companys debt ratio has increased by almost eighteen percent. Looking at the companys debt ratio alone will lead the investor to think that the company is very high risk. The debt ratio shows that DELL Inc. more debts than assets. This means that if a liquidation should occur, there might not be sufficient assets to pay all debts of the company, much less enou gh left over for distribution to the companys stockholders.On the other hand, the companys interest coverage ratio is very good and has been steadily improving for the past four years, except for 2006. The interest coverage ratio measures the numbers of times a company earned its interest before interest and taxes. The higher the interest coverage ratio, the company can better justify its borrowings to investors and creditors. It also meant a lower debt burden for the company.   DELL managed a respectable sixty-one percent interest coverage ratio in 2002. The interest coverage ratio of the company made a radical leap in 2003 when it increased to one hundred seventy-nine percent, more than a one hundred percent increase from prior year. Another radical leap was made in 2005 when the companys interest coverage ratio increased by more than eighty percent. The companys interest coverage ratio increased more than ten percent in 2005 before making a sharp decline in 2006. For 2006, the companys interest coverage was merely one hundred sixty-four percent. The figure can be respectable for other company, but since DELL Inc. has been doing a very good job of making its debt earn profits for the company, the figure can be a warning to investors and creditors alike. The decrease in interest coverage ratio can be attributed to the ten percent increase in its debt ratio from 2005 to 2006 which led to an increase in interest expense without a corresponding increase in net income. The company manage to acquire an additional   debt increasing its interest expense by seventy-five percent in 2006 while its net income before income tax barely increased by three percent. As mentioned above, the companys interest coverage ratio for 2006 is still very good. Investors usually considers investing in a company with at   least a one and half percent interest coverage ratio and stay away from companies with less than one percent. The figure for DELL Inc. in 2006 is way beyond thes e benchmark figures.Bond ratings are based on the companys ability to pay interest periodically and the principal amount of the debt when it matures. The January 2005 edition of Business Week reported the increase of DELL Inc.s credit rating from A- to A. Standard and Poors Ratings Services gave the companys rating a boost due to several factors. These factors include DELL Incs improving market position, consistent profitability and continuous product expansion (S;P Boosts Dells Rating para. 2). The analysts also said that DELLs efficient working capital management and consistent EBITDA margin of nine percent generate strong cash flow for the company (S;P Boosts Dells Rating para. 5). A sufficient and consistent cash flow is necessary for the company to make timely interest payments. A strong cash flow means that DELL Inc. is able to pay interest payments on time as well as the principal amount of debt as they come due.   The article also praised the companys outstanding liquidity which gives it flexibility in its cash requirements despite lack of a committed credit facility (S;P Boosts Dells Rating para. 6).;Cited Work;â€Å"S;P Boost DELLs Credit Ratings.† S;P Ratings News. January 21, 2005. Business Week Online. December 13, 2006. ;businessweek.com/investor/content/jan2005/pi20050121_3300_pi036.htm;

Job description of ICTbusiness and systems analysts in organisations Thesis

Job description of ICTbusiness and systems analysts in organisations and different countries - Thesis Example . 36 2.10.1 Viruses, worms, and malwares †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 39 2.11 Range of business analyst’s role †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 41 2.11.1 Information systems planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 42 2.11.2 Software planning †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 44 2.11.3 Feasibility study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 44 2.11.4 Risk management in software development †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 45 2.11.5 Designing IT in or ganisations †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 46 2.12 IT systems analysts †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 47 2.12.1 IT project manager †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 49 2.13 Business/systems analysts in different countries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 51 2.13.1 IT User †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦. 51 2.13.2 S2P Analyst/ BA †¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦. 51 2.13.3 Systems Designer †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦52 2.13.4 IT Procurement Director †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.52 2.13.5 IT Procurement Administrator†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.52 2.13.6 Software Development Support Specialist†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦... 53 2.14 Chapter analysis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 54 3 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 55 3.1 The Research... This paper illustrates that the information revolution has spawned numerous technologies geared towards automating the office. Information systems have created new paradigm shifts in organisational processes. The trend in organisations is to implement office information systems solutions such as groupware and enterprise applications, databases or shared repositories, intranets, workflow, imaging systems, and other customised applications. All these need a specialized skill possessed by business and systems analysts. Internal and external environments in organisations are becoming complicated. These processes and new applications have to be handled by an experienced and specialized workforce composed of analysts who must bewell versed in technology and the business functions. Business analysis encompasses assessments, studies, and analysis of the business functions applied with IT and software applications. Business analysis reconciles the traditional business functions and the techno logy or software so that without it the whole thing will crumble – for example, an organisation conducting outsourcing of human resource has to incorporate the traditional functions with the new personnel who will be handling human resource management. The organisational knowledge and functions have to be ‘transferred’ to the outsourcing company, and this process has to be handled by an analysis team (or an executive team) to analyse the business functions. This is how the business and IT analysts evolved.

Analysis a quantitavtive reserach articale to see whether it is a good Assignment

Analysis a quantitavtive reserach articale to see whether it is a good reserach and any problem - Assignment Example The analysis while be conducted as per the headings into which it is organized. While it is not stated expressly, one can deduce the research problem. One of the primary goals of the development stages of late adolescence through early adulthood is for the individual to become independent in thought and actions and to develop self-control. All this must happen while the young adult remains connected to their parents. Achievements in information and communication technologies (ICTs) have made it possible for college students to stay in with their parents, the distance notwithstanding. According to Barbara, however, very little is known of the frequency of the communication between young college students and their parents, its content and its impact on the development of the student. Hofer’s statement of the research problem falls short on many grounds. First, Hofer does not explain why they think their research problem is important(May & Meerwald, 2013). In other words, it is not clear how the knowledge obtained from the research will be put to use. Secondly, Hofer does not justify the urgency of their problem that is, why they think the problem calls for immediate research and action. Thirdly, the researcher has failed to explain how their research will help address the problem they have identified. Fourth, Hofer does not explain what aspects of the problem they intend to examine and the expected outcomes of such examination. Literature review serves two purposes in scientific research. First, it sets the stage for the research by giving background information on the research subject and topic. Secondly, it the foundation on which the research is based(Hagger & Chatzisarantis, 2011). By this is meant that the literature review informs the research problem, research questions, research objectives and the methodology employed in the research. In a bid to give their

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling

British Muslims: Mental Health Stigma and Counselling Explore mental health stigma and perception of counselling amongst British Muslims. Introduction: Mental health stigma is an ongoing issue that needs to be addressed especially amongst minority groups. Statistics show that one in four people will experience a mental health problem in the course of a year (mental health foundation 2015). The government has initiated to tackle mental health stigma that prevents people from accessing psychological services (Burstow 2011).Over the past decade the Muslim community has been portrayed negatively especially through the media, and this has had a profound affect on Muslims mental health. The purpose of this research is to explore mental health stigma and perception of counselling amongst Muslims in the UK, My interest in this research emerged from my own personal experience of living in a Muslim family where mental health is seen as an alien concept and counselling is seen waste of time. After experiencing a close family member suffering from depression and when given the choice of counselling chose to decline this, as they would rather ta ke medication then be labelled as crazy. A growing population of 2.7 million Muslims in the UK (Census 2011) I feel that it is imperative to explore what types of mental health stigma exists in the Muslim community and their views on counselling in order to address them. Search strategy To search for articles I used SOLAR, selecting databases, which included Academic Search Premier, CINAHL and MEDLINE (Ovid). I did this so that the article that filtered through were relating to counselling, psychology, psychotherapy and mental health. The key terms that I used firstly was counselling, and this was grouped into four subgroups using the OR which contained counseling, OR psychotherapy, OR therapy, OR psychological services. This brought up a result of 874.207, which was a very large result, but I felt this was needed to be done as counselling maybe worded different in research articles. I used key terms such as mental health, stigma, Muslims and perception all with sub groups (see appendix 1) Finally, I joined all the key terms and sub groups together using AND which brought the number of articles generated down to 604. I mixed some of the sub groups together to find variety of results because when I added all 6 categories together my results became very limited so therefore to broadened my research I took out two categories and I felt this gave me access to variety of research articles. Limitations also included all my articles needed to be peer reviewed, this was to ensure standard and quality of the articles were examined by other people in the same field to ensure the publication has a meets certain level of excellence. I also limited the publication dates from 2005 up to 2014 to generate current articles I found that lots of articles that had very close link to my question had to be excluded due to the publication date being before 2005. This process finally reduced the articles to 91 from which four articles were selected (see appendix two). I found some articles th at related directly to my question but were mostly conducted outside the UK so only one article was selected because it felt necessary to look at research done in the UK considering my title involved British Muslims. The article selected from the USA was chosen because there did not seem to be any research conducted in the UK therefore was a gap to explore. In relation to my question I felt my 5th article Rethink (2007), Our voice : The Pakistani communities view on mental health and mental services in Birmingham, was very relevant to utilize in my review as it provided an insight to what I was searching for. However the only down side to finding this articles was that it was not found using the above research strategy, as I read a mention of this study through another article and I could not find it on EBSCO, therefore I used Google to find it. Summery The articles will be judged the on the methodology used to conduct the research and focus on the findings relating to perception of counselling and mental health stigma. A study conducted by Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) looked at Muslims view on mental health and psychotherapy. The aim of the research was to look at the Muslim populations perception of mental health and their understanding of how mental distress experienced by an individual can be addressed. This was a qualitative study where 14 Muslim participants were interviewed using semi structured interviews and data was analysed thematically. Lancaster Institute of Health Research ethics committee ethically approved this study. There were seven women and seven male aged between 28-77 who were recruited through local Muslim organisations and electronic mailing. One of the main benefits of this study was that it provided a good insight to Muslims understanding on mental health by using open questions allowing the participants to express their views on mental health in-depth. The finding that related to my question was that there was a fear of stereotyping, feeling stigmatised, embarrassed and ashamed, they found that mental distress was a punishment from god, cause of witchcraft/jinn and drug taking. Participants there was no need for a therapist as you could talk to your family or friends. Mental illness was seen as a test from Allah and it was managed through praying to god and if you had a strong faith then therapy was not needed. For a question, looking at Muslim populations views the sample was very small even though it provided rich data it was limited as it was not enough to represent Muslim populations view. The sample also included two students and two staff members and a couple who were interviewed together, this makes the sample less representative and biased. Data check would have been useful as both researchers were non- Muslims therefore this may have had an affect on how they interpreted the Reponses and by data checking they could have validated their findings. The researchers recommendation for further research was a very useful, as by exploring the views of Muslims who have accessed mental health services would have gave the study a bigger picture, as the focus on therapeutic help was neglected in the study as only three participants had a view on this. Another similar study conducted by Rethink (2007) Our Voice: the Pakistani communitys view on mental health and mental health services in Birmingham commissioned by UCLAN (University of Central Lancashire) and CSIP (Care Services Improvement Partnership). This aim was to investigate the view of the Pakistani communities on mental health issues and how they would want support in regards to their mental health needs. This study was a qualitative study conducted by 11 community researchers who conducted focus groups and interviews with a very large sample of 152 service users, this study utilized quantitative approach by distributing 30 postal surveys to mental health service providers in Birmingham and receiving seven responses. Rethinks research department and UCLAN ethically approved the study. This study found similar findings to Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) they found that 83% wanted to keep any mental health illnesses a secret, and 76% were ashamed of it, 58% fear of stigma. They also found religious beliefs affected their perception on mental health as they felt it was caused by jinns, voices from god and found that culture and language barriers can get in the way people from accessing mental health services. One of the benefits to this study compared to above is that this study was conduced in different languages so therefore this was accessible to people who could not participate because of language barrier. Another benefit of this study compared to the Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study was the sample size as they had a larger sample 152 compared to 14 participants in Weatherhead Daiches (2010) study. However, Rethink (2007) even with a big sample it could be argued that it was a limited study which only focused on Pakistani Muslims in Birmingham whereas Weatherhead and Daiches (2010) study had a small sample of participants but from different nationalities . However, both studies failed to consider demographic area such as different ethnicities and different locations that could have provided a more in-depth representation of British Muslims perception. The one of the recommendations from the study that stood out and was missed in the first study was the suggestion of working closely with religious leaders such as imams, it felt in both studies religious influence was a huge factor yet both studies failed to get the perception of imams on mental health. It was also relevant to my research as this project highlighted the mental health stigma issues that are current in the Pakistani Muslim community in Britain however, I felt that no emphasis was given on perception of counselling and I feel this was a gap in the research. Another similar study to Rethink (2007) was a study conducted by Shoaib and Peel (2006) which looks at Kashmiri womens perception of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. This like Rethink (2007) study used both qualitative and quantitative method to analyse data, the sample was of 45 Kashmiri women aged between 18- 45 living in Oldham, from whom 19 were born in the UK. A questionnaire was administrated and data was collected in an interview by a researcher that was also Kashmiri and spoke the same language as the participants, this was one of the strength of the study as this eliminated language barriers. This study explored six areas in 21 questions: understanding of mental illness, issues that cause distress, coping mechanism, awareness of support, expression and description of feeling (Shoaib and Peel, (2006). The reason this article was selected because the 6th area looked at perceptions and understanding of counselling that was relevant to my quest ion. The findings were very similar to the above studies, the study found that women feared of shame (izzat) affecting their family and being stigmatised. It was found that talking to a specialist was an option but fears of confidentiality breaking, lack of cultural awareness from the professional and that it will not improve the situation was a barrier therefore they referred to their faith for healing. This study like the other two provided a good insight to views of mental health stigma but also provided a glimpse into the perceptions of counselling which the other two studies failed to do. There are few limitations, the potential source of bias would be the use of the snowball method in recruiting 35 participants, who were recommended through previous interviewees, and therefore there is a possibility that subjects shared the same traits and character. Another limitation is the research may be flawed by the inexperience of the researcher who at the time of the research worked as a welfare officer. Changes need to be made to the recruitment process in order to get a more representative sample. Two others studies which explored factors influencing attitudes towards seeking help within the mental health services where reviewed. The first study I looked at was by Soorkia et al (2011) which explored Factors influencing attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help among South Asian students in Britain. This study looked at the link attitudes towards psychological help seeking, following cultural values, salience of ethnic identity and cultural mistrust (Soorkia et al, 2011) .this study was relevant because it looked at attitudes towards seeking help and this relates to my question of perception of counseling and mental health stigma. A quantitative approach utilized where 148 participants completed a survey of which 81 were women and 67 men all participants were British. The sample covered Pakistani, Indian, Bangladeshi and 30% were other. Participants were recruited though public spaces directly and sign up sheets were posted in campuses in different locations. Qu estionnaires where given out on paper and participants returned the questionnaire in a sealed envelope to researcher (Soorkia et al, 2011). Priory power analysis, SPSS and ANOVAs was used for statistical analysis, as these were the most affective to see the difference between gender, ethnicity and also to compare similarities (Soorkia et al, 2011). It was found that the ethnic minorities had a negative attitude towards seeking psychological health, and factors such as cultural values and mistrust as this was related to stigma and shame associated mental illnesses. it found that people that were mistrustful of whites held a greater negative attitudes to help seeking. Asian values played a significant part in peoples attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH), (Soorkia et al, 2011). The more significant the values were the more it played a negative part in ATSPPH. The study also found that women were more open to getting help than men and this maybe due masculinity being dominant there negatively affecting the way men see health related issues. It seems that this could be explored in more depth to see what the underlying issues are that prevent men in seeking help compared to women. However the limitation to the comparison between genders was that this could not be representative as there was not an equal number between both genders. Sample size was small therefore, it did not represent south Asian students across the country. It feels that even though participants religion was noted that the study failed to explore if religion played a part in help seeking. It seemed like the study could have looked at what the cultural factors were or the Asian values in order to understand the barriers to combat. It seems like this study was s stepping stone to see what the factors where but a qualitative approach will give this study more depth. The second study I looked at was very similar to the first study and it was by Hamid, Furnham (2013) which looked Factors affecting attitude towards seeking professional help for mental illness: a UK Arab perspective. This research like the above was also quantitative where online questionnaires were used; the sample size was 204 participants from which 104 were British Caucasians and 100 Arab. This study looked at various factors affecting attitudes towards seeking professional psychological help (ATSPPH). Some of the hypothesis was that Arabs compared to Caucasians will be less positive to ATSPPH and arabs sample will have higher score in supernatural causes, shame focused attitudes will be significant predictors of ATSPPH , females more positive than males in ATSPPH and Muslims will have less positive than other religion (Hamid, , Furnham 2013). To analyze the data a discriminative analysis was utilized with ethnicity being the dependant variable between British Caucasian and Arabs, using discriminative analysis was a benefit as it reduced mistake rates (Falkenberg, 2005). To examine differences between British Caucasians and Arabs same as the previous study ANOVA was used( Hamid, , Furnham 2013). The study found that Arabs were less positive to ATSPPH than British Caucasian as the study predict ed , it was also found that age, level of education and experience of metal played a positive role to ATSPPH (Hamid, Furnham 2013) . It also found that Arabs had strongest supernatural casual beliefs about mental illness than British Caucasians. Unlike the above study this research found that gender was not a significant predictor, however it was similar to the other study in the sense that there was also not an equal number of males and females as in this study 69% were females. Shame was not seen as a significant predictor to ATSPPH that is opposite to the finding in the above studies. This maybe connected to the fact that Arab participants had migrated to uk and therefore far from family so they did not have to protect their honour or family (Hamid, Furnham 2013). One of the limitations to this study was that the questionnaire was done in English and therefore only targeted an audie nce where participants had some form of education, therefore it does not represent the Arab community who do not speak or understand English making it bias and limiting its response rate. I then looked at a quantitative study by Pilkington et al (2010) which explore factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of south Asian origin. Second study by Ali et al (2005) looking at the Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Both studies used self-report questionnaires. The study by Pilkington et al (2010) Hypothesised that the level of shame/izzat related with mental health would predict the intention to access psychological services, the barrier was already identified compared to the above studies. This study was relevant because it looked at British Muslims, which relates to my area of proposed research and explored mental health and barriers that related to stigma. The Identified factors that may affect intention to access psychological services were; religious beliefs, biological /social environment beliefs about mental health problems, the causes and shame/izzat. Another large sample of 94 participants recruited through seven Islamic communities centres. A self-report questionnaire was developed using measures that were already tested making this a strength as it was easy to correlate the findings and therefore strong statistic were produced. Psychological openness and help seeking prosperity was measured using Inventory of attitudes towards s eeking mental health services (IASMHS: Mackenzie et al 2004). Shame/izzat on intention influencing the access of psychological services was measured using the Attitudes Toward Mental Health Scale (ATMHP; Gilbert et al 2007). The study found that the higher level of shame/izzat experienced the less likely psychological service was accessed. The study like the other studies above found views were influenced by religious beliefs, mental illness was a punishment from god, shame to the individual and the family and less knowledge about mental illness because of lack of education(Pilkington et al, 2010). The limitation to this study was that there might have been a bias to the recruitment process, as the questionnaires designed was for people of higher education level therefore resulting in a low response (Pilkington et al 2010). Another limitation was that participants were recruited through Islamic communitys centres, therefore they may have been more religiously inclined then others who are Muslims but not as religious, this limits the experiences and results. I feel this was gap to where the level of religious commitment could have been measured to get effective results. I then looked at two studies that focused on the role of imams in regards to mental health. The first study by Ali et al (2005) explores what the role of imams and Islamic clergy is in meeting counselling needs, the reason I chose this was because I found that all the studies that I have reviewed failed to consider the views of Islamic clergy on mental health and counselling and how they support the Muslim community. A questionnaire was mailed to 730 mosques around USA however; the response rate was low as only 8% responses received. Data was analysis measured by Likert scale, demographic areas were considered such as ethinicty, age and region, and consent was gained. This study found that imams played a key role in supporting the Muslim community with mental health issues relating to stress, discrimination, anxiety and financial problems. It also found that imam has had little or none training in counselling to help people who came to them for mental health problems. The limitation to this study like the above study is that the questionnaire was in English and not all participants or imams are literate in English, therefore weakening the study. I found the recommendation from the researchers is valid that a further research is needed to explore the role of imams in assisting with mental health issues. The second study by Abu-Ras et al (2008) explored The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion: A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community. the reason this study was chosen because this provided an insight to not only the imams role but also what the worshippers attitude towards mental health services before 9/11 and after 9/11 (Abu-Ras et al 2008). A survey of 22 imams and 102 worshippers from 22 mosques in New York city was conducted, researchers chose a face-to-face interview method with mostly close ended questions. The questionnaire for the imams explored what type of issues worshippers came with for guidance, and what method were used to assist worshippers resolve their issues. The questionnaires for worshipers looked at the role of the imam perceived by worshippers, types of counselling sought at mosque, if the imam was effectively addressing their issues. It also asked the affects of 9/11 to their personal lives and finally worshippers perception on attitudes towards western psychology, mental health and if they have any experience with the mental care system (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). For analysis, Univariate and bivariate analyses were used for descriptive statistics for both imams and worshippers. The t test and chi-square tests were applied to discover any large differences between gender, age, time in education, income, immigration status, marital status, and language skills (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). The study found that imams are usually the primary and sometimes the only contact for help with mental health issues. It was also found that the imams were foreign born and English was not their first language and they struggled with their English and No training was provided and they had little knowledge on mental health issues, which then prevented them from referring worshippers to mental health services (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). This was very similar to the finding of the above study were the imams had the same issues of language barrier and little or no knowledge on mental health. The study also found that 9/11 had a negative affect on worshippers lives this included their self as well their families. It also found that 84% of worshippers believed that people with mental illness were possessed by the devil and 95% believed that this was test from their faith (Abu-Ras et al, 2008). The limitation to this study was that data was only limited to New York so it did not represent other Muslims in the USA, same as the above study the questionnaire was conducted in English, and imams had difficulty with English so it brings up the issues of reliability . The benefit of this study was that it found that imams do play a vital role within the Muslim community in New York especially when it came to personal and mental health issues and that they were also welcomed support and training in regards to mental health. The researchers recommendation was very prompt that the mental health services need to do more to integrate within the Muslim community especially by providing support and training to imams because this research has shown that imams play a huge role in providing support. Conclusion It was found from the literature review that mental health stigma is very much alive in the Muslim community, in the form of misconceptions around the causes of mental illness, fear of being labelled and stigmatised, religious and cultural views influencing views on mental health e.g. punishment from god for committing a sin. The majority of the Muslim community would rather keep mental illness quite because of the fear shame, some seen mental illness caused by drug abuse or caused by witchcraft. In relation to my proposed question I found that there were number of gaps that were found that I could use in my research firstly their was a common theme of religion being a major factor in influencing views on mental health. However not one paper focused on measuring religiosity and its impacts on individuals perception, they focused more on ethnic backgrounds such as south Asian origins which is not religion. Findings showed Muslim community turned to religious leaders for support, yet no papers in the UK explored the role of Islamic clergy on mental health and their views on counselling. I feel this could provide a clear picture around what support is available and how much experience the imams have in supporting the Muslim community. I found that Papers do not specifically address the issue of counselling, I felt that this could have been explored in more depth also one of the recommendations was to look at participants that have accessed counselling and explore their perception on stigma and therapy which I found useful for my research. I feel that for the question I have proposed qualitative methodology would be more appropriate as it provides rich data and allows participants to expand on their responses. I also found that demographic factors need to be taken into consideration, such as age, gender and location, and to look at factor such as sample size and recruitment process. Word count: 2745 References Ali, O. M., Milstein, G., Marzuk, P. (2005). The Imams role in meeting the counselling needs of Muslim communities in the United States. Psychiatric Services, (2), 202-205. Burstow, P. (2011). Â £20 million to knock down mental health stigma, retrived from https://www.gov.uk/government/news/20-million-to-knock-down-mental-health-stigma Census, (2011) retrieved 19 January, 2015, from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-religion.html Mental health foundation, (2015), retrieved 19 january, 2015, from http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/help-information/mental-health-statistics/ Pilkington, A.,Msetfi,R,.M,.Watson,R. (2012). Factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of South Asian origin. Mental Health, Religion Culture, (1), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/13674676.2010.545947 Rethink (2007), Our voice: The Pakistani communitys view of mental health and mental health services in Birmingham. London: Islamic Human Rights Commission. ) Retrieved 29 December, 2014 from: http://www.rethink.org/media/853081/our%20voice.pdf Shoaib, K.,Peel, J. (2003). Kashmiri womens perceptions of their emotional and psychological needs, and access to counselling. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, (2), 87-94. DOI: 10.1080/14733140312331384442 Weatherhead, S., Daiches, A. (2010). Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, (1), 75-89. http://people.eku.edu/falkenbergs/psy862/notes%20on%20discriminant%20analysis.html 2005 Steve Falkenberg Abu-Ras, Wahiba, Gheith, Ali and Cournos, Francine(2008)The Imams Role in Mental Health Promotion: A Study at 22 Mosques in New York Citys Muslim Community,Journal of Muslim Mental Health,3:2,155 176 Appendix 1 The next key term was mental health using two sub group using OR was Mental illness and mental health services, this generated 525,281 results. Another key term was stigma and the sub groups using OR was attitudes, stereotypes, prejudices and shame. The next key term I felt was important to my research was Muslims I tried this on its own but then realised that there can be other terms used in researches referring to Muslims and I used three sub groups which were Islam, ethnic minority, south Asian and this generated 89,716 results. Another key term was perception and I used three key terms view, understanding and intention and this generated 2,456,725 results which was huge but I felt that this was necessary as this bought my question together. my last key term that I used was Britain and I used two sub groups British and UK, this was to focus on the researched done on the British population as I felt it related to my question more. Appendix 2 Examples of articles found